Assignment No. 01 Semester: Fall 2009

Assignment No. 01
Semester: Fall 2009


IT430
E-Commerce







Total Marks: 10




Due
Date:19/10/2009










Question No. 1: [2
Marks]


At which layer lost packets are traced?





In session layer, special checkpoints on data packets are
placed for tracing the any lost packets.








Question No. 3:


Write down three
benefits of switching to IP Version 6. [3 Marks]








Internet Protocol
Version 6 is the next generation IP protocol. Following are their benefits of
it:





Ø
IP version 6 is
backward compatible.


Ø
IP version 6
has larger address space.


Ø
Network
security is integrated into the design.








Question No. 2:
[5 Marks]


You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a
network of these computers using switch, which networking topology you will
use?








Networks can be classified by their topology, which is the
basic geometric arrangement of the network.





There are three type of topologies: Star, Bus & Ring








We use the star topology to design our network. Twisted pair
cable is also used for connection the computers with switch.





Like this













Advantage of Star Topology







Ø Easy
to install and wire


Ø No
disruption to network when connection or removing devices.


Ø Easy
to detect faults and to remove parts.




Disadvantage of Star Topology







Ø Required
more cable length than a bus topology.


Ø If
the switch is fails, nodes attached are disabled.


Ø More
expensive than bus topology because of the cost of concentrators.

Solution 1:

SESSION LAYER

Solution 2:

Following are the three benefits of switching to IP Version 6:

Larger address space
Provision for extension
Security Features


Solution 3:

If we have four computers and a switch and we want to connect these
computers using the switch, then “star topology” will be used.

Question No. 1

At which layer lost packets are traced?

SOLUTION:


SESSION LAYER



Question No. 2:

Write down three benefits of switching to IP Version 6.


SOLUTION:


1. Larger address space

2. Provision for extension

3. Security Features

4.128 bit address

Question No. 3

You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these computers using switch, which networking topology you will use?

SOLUTION:


If we have four computers and a switch and we want to connect these computers using the switch, then “star topology” will be used.

Solution:





Session layer is the layer which
traced the lost packets. The Session layer marks the data stream with
checkpoints and monitors the receipt of those checkpoints. So, in the event of
a failure, the sending PC can retransmit starting with the data sent after the
last checkpoint, rather then resending the whole message.

Question # 02: Write down three benefits of switching to IP version 6?

Solution:





As the IP
version 6 is the latest version then the IP version 4 so, no doubt it will be
more improved one then the older version, here are three basic benefits that we
can derive by switching to the IP version 6





1.
IP version 6 has a very larger address space as compare to
that of IP version 4, as a result it uses 128-bit addresses, where as IP
version 4 uses only 32 –bits. So, the new address space supported about
3.4x10^38 addresses.








2.
As IP version 6 have more expansion so it provide more
flexibility to allocate addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the
primary need for network address translation, which is shortly called NAT, But
in IP version 4 that was needed.








3.
IP version 6 is designed such as that it will run well on high
performance networks for example; ATM, and at the same time still be efficient
for low networks for 0xample. Wireless.
It also provides a platform for new internet functions that will be
required in future.

Question # 03: You have four computers and a switch…………………………?

Solution:





In this
case when I have four computers and a switch to make a network using the
switch, I’ll go for the STAR TOPOLGY.
As I know that the switch is a computer networking device that connects network
segments. It commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data
at the Data link layer of the OSI model. The switch which process data at the
network layer is referred as Multilayer switches how ever it is generally not
intelligent such as hub but the small network like 4 computers network can be
easily made by using a switch in the star topology.





In most networks that are based on the physical star
topology are commonly implemented using a special devices such as a hub or a
switch as the central node,





Arrangement&
working:




By using star topology I’ll connect all 4
computers to the central switch, the network have point to point connection to
the switch. All of the communication which transverses the network will pass
through the central switch,

Q # 1: Solution



Explanation:
Session Layer is the 3rd Layer from sender side and 5th layer from the receiver
side of International organization for standard’s (ISO) model. This layer
instructs to create communication link between the sending and receiving
machine via combination of protocols. The modes of communication are simplex,
half-duplex and full-duplex.





>>>
Simplex means communication in one direction only.


>>>
Half-duplex means communication in two directions but one party can send data
at a time.
>>> Full-duplex means communication in two directions while both
parties are able to send data at the same time.



It also places special checkpoints on data packets to trace any lost packets.





Q
# 2: Solution









1.
Larger address space


2.
Provision for extension


3.
Security Features


4. 128
bit address





Question No. 3



You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these
computers using switch, which networking topology you will use?

SOLUTION:



If we have four computers and a switch and we want to connect these computers
using the switch, then “star topology” will be used.

Question No. 1: [2
Marks]


At which
layer lost packets are traced?


Answer:


Session
layer


It
provides instructions about the nature of communication link between the
sending and receiving machine during a
session. A combination of protocols called Session Protocol Data Units work at
this layer. Three Modes of communication are simplex, half-duplex and
full-duplex. Simplex means communication in one Direction only. Half-duplex
means communication in two directions but one party can send data at a time.


Full-duplex
means communication in two directions while both parties are able to send data
simultaneously. It also places special checkpoints on data packets to trace any
lost packets.








Question No. 3:


Write down
three benefits of switching to IP
Version 6. [3 Marks]


Answer:


1. Bigger address
space
2. Support for mobile devices
3. Built-in security

Bigger address space
The bigger address space IPv6 offers is the most obvious enhancement it has
over
IPv4. While today's Internet architecture is based on 32-bit wide addresses,
the new
version has 128-bit technology available for addressing. Base on the enlarged
address
space, workarounds like NAT don't have to be used anymore. This allows full,
unconstrained IP connectivity for today's IP-based machines as well as upcoming
mobile devices like PDAs and cell phones all will benefit from full IP access
through GPRS and UMTS.

Mobility
When mentioning mobile devices and IP, it's important to note that a special
protocol
is needed to support mobility, and implementing this protocol that is called
"Mobile
IP" is one of the requirements for every IPv6 stack. Thus, if we have IPv6
going, we
have support for roaming between different networks, with global notification
when
we leave one network and enter the other one. Support for roaming is possible
with
IPv4 too, but there are a number of hoops that need to be jumped in order to
get things
working. With IPv6, there's no need for this, as support for mobility was one
of the
design requirements for IPv6.

Security
Besides support for mobility, security was another requirement for the
successor to
today's Internet Protocol version. As a result, IPv6 protocol stacks are
required to
include IPsec. IPsec allows authentication, encryption, and compression of IP
traffic.
Except for application-level protocols like SSL or SSH, all IP traffic between
two
nodes can be handled without adjusting any applications. The benefit of this is
that all
applications on a machine can benefit from encryption and authentication, and
that
policies can be set on a per-host (or even per-network) basis, not per
application/service.








Question No. 2:
[5
Marks]


You have
four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these computers
using switch, which networking topology you will use?




Answer
: We will use Star
Topology.

Solution 1:

SESSION LAYER

Solution 2:

Following are the three benefits of switching to IP Version 6:




Larger address space
Provision for extension
Security Features


Solution 3:

If we have four computers and a switch and we want to connect these computers
using the switch, then “star topology” will be used.